The Flip Side of Metcalfe’s Law: Multiple and Growing Costs of Network Exclusion

The study of networks and network science has grown in the last decade, but most network models fail to capture the costs or loss of value of exclusion from the network. Intuitively, as a network grows in size and value, those outside the network face growing disparities. This new direction is relevant too for the design of policy interventions as well as for shifting the scholarly research agenda toward greater focus on inequality and exclusion.